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‘Access control’ can broadly be defined as the selective restriction of access to or use of places, people, targets and resources. Access control is a widespread form of crime prevention, taking many forms and being applied to many different crime types. However, despite its common usage, beyond particular access control measures that have been applied to specific sub-categories of crime (such as alleygates to reduce burglary), systematic evidence on the effectiveness of access control as a way to reduce crime in the physical environment is limited. This paper describes an attempt to combine meta-analysis and realist synthesis to systematically review the evidence on the effectiveness of access control in all its forms and in the various types of physical environment in which it is implemented, as well as to elicit and test working theory relating to whether and how access control may reduce (or increase) crime and under what conditions.