Search
Program Calendar
Browse By Day
Browse By Time
Browse By Person
Browse By Room
Browse By Strand
Browse By Session Type
Search Tips
Virtual Exhibit Hall
Personal Schedule
Sign In
X (Twitter)
Sat, Mar 18
7:00am
8:00am
9:00am
10:00am
11:00am
12:00pm
1:00pm
2:00pm
3:00pm
4:00pm
5:00pm
6:00pm
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Belmont
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Columbia
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Douglas Fir
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Eugene
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Exhibit Hall - Coffee Area
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Exhibit Hall - Publishers Area
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Exhibition Hall
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Hawthorne
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Laurelhurst
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Lower Level 1
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Meadowlark
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Medford
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Mt. Hood
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Oregon A
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Oregon B
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Oregon C
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Oregon D
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Oregon E
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Oregon E and F
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Oregon F
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Oregon G
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Oregon H
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Oregon I
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Pearl
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Portland
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Salmon
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Sunstone
Marriott Portland Downtown Waterfront
Willamette
8:00 to 8:30am
Discourse Functions of Pragmatic Routines in Academic Group Discussions: A Corpus-Based Approach
8:35 to 9:05am
Cognitively More Challenging Computer-based Lexical Processing Test: What does it Tell us about Lexical Fluency?
9:10 to 9:40am
Evaluating Word Lists for EFL: Vocabulary Test Item Difficulty Indicates Optimal Sources of Reference-Corpora and the...
10:10 to 10:40am
Verbal and Visual Self-promotion in Website Introductions to Chinese and American Universities
10:45 to 11:15am
From diagnosis to laughter: A diachronic study of parental ASD blogs
11:20 to 11:50am
“You’re Just the Teacher We Are Looking for:” Eikaiwa’s Ideal Teacher Through a Discourse Analysis of Recruitment Websites
1:15 to 1:45pm
Academic Vocabulary in L2 Writing: A Corpus Study of Accuracy and Appropriateness of Use
1:50 to 2:20pm
Characterizing types of lexical bundles used in second language (L2) academic writing across developmental levels
2:25 to 2:55pm
ESL/EFL writing performance and its correlations with five dimensions of lexical richness: A meta-analysis
3:25 to 3:55pm
Deep processing does not always mean more learning: The mediating role of cognitive individual differences for successful and...
4:00 to 4:30pm
Individual Cognitive Differences, Explicitness of Learning Conditions, and Outcome Measures in SLA
8:00 to 8:30am
Exploring Changes in Pronunciation and Oral Fluency in an Online Pronunciation Course: Effects of Time and Tasks.
8:35 to 9:05am
Affordances of Computer-Simulated Conversations for Refining Pragmatically-Appropriate Oral Communication: The Case of...
9:10 to 9:40am
The Effect of Learner-customized High-variability Training on English Learners’ Perception of Vowels and Consonants in Words...
10:10 to 10:40am
Demonstrating a theoretical stance for meta-analysis: A case of L2 vocabulary learning in Computer-Mediated Communication...
10:45 to 11:15am
How educational is educational media? Vocabulary learning for preschool ELLs
11:20 to 11:50am
Linguistic and Multimodal Strategies Used During Videoconferenced Lexical Explanation Sequences
1:15 to 1:45pm
Languaged lives: a new perspective on TESOL teacher identity
1:50 to 2:20pm
Analyzing portrayals of English language teachers’ experience as informing their performance of emotions and agency
2:25 to 2:55pm
Examining plurilingual teachers’ perceptions of their own language pedagogy: Contributions from immigrant teachers in a...
3:25 to 3:55pm
Language Teacher Agency: A Sociocultural Analysis of Two ESL Teachers’ Agency Achievements and Identity Shifts Through an...
4:00 to 4:30pm
Negotiating Academic Spaces to Navigate Professional Spaces: Examining Teacher Identities of International TESOL Graduates in...
8:00 to 8:30am
Relationship between attentional processing of input and working memory: an eye-tracking study
8:35 to 9:05am
Teachers’ Perceptions of High-Stakes Assessment Reforms: The Case of the Test for English Majors (TEM) in China
9:10 to 9:40am
The Washback of a New Japanese University Entrance Examination on Students’ Test Preparation Methods
10:10 to 10:40am
A bidirectional study on the givenness constraint in L2-English and L2-Korean
10:45 to 11:15am
Canonical SV(O) in Near-Native French
11:20 to 11:50am
How do L1 English learners of Spanish interpret the present progressive in Spanish?
1:15 to 1:45pm
Interpreting the copula contrast in native and second-language Spanish: What we know is not always spoken
1:50 to 2:20pm
Learning French in the primary school classroom: the origins of morphosyntax
2:25 to 2:55pm
The Acquisition of Turkish Case Morphology by Kurdish-Turkish Bilingual Children
3:25 to 3:55pm
Beyond Age Effects: Five Variables Trumping the Age Factor in Instructional L2 Learning
4:00 to 4:30pm
Accuracy and Complexity in L1 Attriters: Age at Emigration versus Type of Continued L1 Use
8:00 to 8:30am
Collaboration between language and content university instructors: How can we make it work?
8:35 to 9:05am
Content-based Teaching and Testing: Political Vocabulary Terms versus Political Concepts
9:10 to 9:40am
Implementing CBI with a Textbook in Beginner-Level Spanish: A Collaborative Action Research Study
10:10 to 10:40am
ELF in & through CLIL: Emerging Perspectives in Language and Content Teacher Education
10:45 to 11:15am
Examining the Integration of Language and Content: An Analysis of Content-Based Lesson Plans
11:20 to 11:50am
Exploring Language Teachers’ Enactment of Curriculum Materials in a Centralized Curriculum Context
1:15 to 1:45pm
A Cognitive Linguistics Approach to Concept-Based Instruction: Force Dynamics of English Modality
1:50 to 2:20pm
Teaching addressee honorifics for L2 Japanese using concept-based instruction (CBI): A qualitative, intact classroom study
2:25 to 2:55pm
Mediated Development as Tool-and-Result Activity to Foster L2 Conceptual Understanding
3:25 to 3:55pm
A flexible yet accessible tool for automating corpus analyses
4:00 to 4:30pm
Parallel Corpora for Pedagogy: Using parallel corpus technology in foreign language instruction.
2:55 to 3:25pm
Coffee Break - Saturday Afternoon
9:40am to 4:30pm
Publishers' Exhibit Hall - Saturday
9:40 to 10:10am
Publishers’ Exhibit Welcome
2:25 to 3:55pm
Poster Session 1
5:50 to 7:00pm
AAAL 2017 Opening Reception
8:00 to 8:30am
The Concept of Fluency in Four Different Disciplines
8:35 to 9:05am
The Separate Effects of Conceptual and Syntactic Complexity on L1 and L2 Fluency
9:10 to 9:40am
Co-constructed language proficiency identities in paired test discourse: Challenges for language testers
10:10 to 10:40am
[Cancelled]: Collaborative Assessment in Practice: Teachers’ Interactional Negotiations of the Interpretation and Application...
10:45 to 11:15am
The Norm Dilemma: Lecturer Oral Certification in English
11:20 to 11:50am
Examining peer assessment of EFL oral presentations
1:15 to 1:45pm
Development of interactional competence: Focusing on one novice L2 Japanese teacher’s third-turn response in a beginning...
1:50 to 2:20pm
An Investigation into Rater Judgments of a Paired Speaking Task: Validity Perspective
2:25 to 2:55pm
Text Integration and Speaking Proficiency: Linguistic, Individual Differences, and Strategy Use Considerations
3:25 to 3:55pm
Examining Preschool-Aged Dual Language Learners’ Language Development Using a Suite of Assessments
4:00 to 4:30pm
Multilingual Assessment: teacher development, equity and positive washback on learning
8:00 to 8:30am
"Watermelon in Korean” and “Bad-news Turkish”: A discourse–analytic-meets-social-network-approach to understanding how...
8:35 to 9:05am
Learning in a Multilingual Education (MLE) Plus School: Identity, Social Relations and Classroom Practices.
9:10 to 9:40am
Developing interactional practices to talk about language: A longitudinal study of a four-year-old child
10:10 to 10:40am
What Function Does this Serve?: Code Comments in Advanced Electrical Engineering Labs as an Indicator of Disciplinary...
10:45 to 11:15am
Science tutorials for an EFL scientific writing course at a Japanese university: Telling identities being built through LPP
11:20 to 11:50am
Understanding the impact of social support on health literacy outcomes: An applied linguistics perspective
1:15 to 1:45pm
"That's Something We Have to Live with Here": Fee-paying International High School Students and Homestay
1:50 to 2:20pm
Communicating Emotions in Conversational Narratives: A Case Study of Two American Students in a Chinese Homestay in Shanghai
2:25 to 2:55pm
Critical intercultural competence, identity negotiations, and power in the ‘periphery’: Gringos learning Spanish in Central...
3:25 to 3:55pm
Long-term Effects of Short-term Study Abroad: The Role of Social Networking and Language Proficiency.
4:00 to 4:30pm
Understanding Varying Experiences of Study Abroad Participants: Insights from Social Network Analysis
7:00am to 4:30pm
Registration - Saturday
8:00 to 8:30am
First language reversion among healthy elderly migrants: fact or fable?
8:35 to 9:05am
The Use of Prosodic Patterns by L2 Learners in Speech Acts
9:10 to 9:40am
Longitudinal Acquisition of L2 Vowels: A 10-year Study
10:10 to 10:40am
Developing students’ intercultural capabilities: a case study in higher education
10:45 to 11:15am
Language Ideologies in an Anglophone University and Students’ Experiences of Internationalization
11:20 to 11:50am
Pre-LL.M. to LL.M.: How Understanding Student Writing and Writing Practices Can Inform LL.M. Admissions and Pedagogy
1:15 to 1:45pm
Co-adaptation between L2 and L3 learning motivation: A longitudinal Q-method study
1:50 to 2:20pm
Feared L2 Self as an Emerging Component of the Reconceptualized L2 Motivational Self System
2:25 to 2:55pm
L2 Motivational Trajectories of Japanese EFL Engineering Majors over Two Years at University
3:25 to 3:55pm
An Investigation of The Role L2 Speakers’ Imagined Selves Play in Their Willingness To Communicate
4:00 to 4:30pm
The Influence of Sociocultural Factors on Unwillingness to Communicate of EFL Learners
8:00 to 8:30am
Foreign Language Anxiety and Target Language Use in Early Language Education
8:35 to 9:05am
Learner Buoyancy: Exploring Resilience in Everyday L2 Learning in Instructed Settings
9:10 to 9:40am
The interaction of affective factors in language learning: Anxiety and the ideal, ought-to, and anti-ought-to selves
10:10 to 10:40am
Language Anxiety from a Dynamic Perspective: Two Studies of L2 Communication in Real Time
10:45 to 11:15am
Could it be the shape of your jaw? Language instructors’ and Speech Language Pathologists’ Beliefs about pronunciation...
11:20 to 11:50am
From the Factory Floor to the Classroom: Learners’ Reactions to a Workplace Pronunciation Intervention
1:15 to 1:45pm
Re-examining the Chinese Third Tone in Teaching Chinese as a Second Language
1:50 to 2:20pm
The Impact of Intonation Terminology on Teacher Cognition and Classroom Practices
2:25 to 2:55pm
The Knowledge Base of Second Language Pronunciation Teaching: The Case of a Nonnative-Speaking Teacher.
3:25 to 3:55pm
"Clear," “Decent,” and “Pretty” Accents: A Longitudinal Study on Language Learning Motivation, Comprehensibility, and...
4:00 to 4:30pm
Gotta go! The effects of foreign accent on perceptions of nonstandard grammar
8:00 to 11:00am
The Interactional Practices of Teaching and Learning as Social Action
11:20 to 11:50am
Premises of Plagiarism: How Different Are We From Those We Teach?
12:00 to 1:10pm
Making a Transition: From Graduate Student to Faculty Member
1:15 to 4:15pm
Expanding the Scope of Interactional Competence
8:00 to 9:40am
Consolidating and Sustaining a Principled Replication Effort in SLA Research
10:10 to 11:50am
Spanish in the Linguistic Landscape of the United States
1:15 to 2:55pm
Transdisciplinary Approaches for Language Teaching and Learning in Transnational Times
3:25 to 3:55pm
The human animal boundary in public discourse: reflections on fundamental categories.
4:00 to 4:30pm
University Instructors’ Agency: Attitudes and the Implementation of Spanish Language Reforms in Classroom Practices
8:00 to 9:40am
Translanguaging and Education: New Perspectives from the Field
10:10 to 11:50am
ASL Revitalization in Bilingual Deaf Education
1:15 to 1:45pm
Ideology, Power, and Privilege in Volunteering Abroad: A Critical Discourse Analysis of TEFL Volunteer Program Websites
1:50 to 2:20pm
Linguistic Schizophrenia: The Formation of Conflicting Language Ideologies in Hawaiʻi Creole Comedy
2:25 to 2:55pm
Non- white English, Non-perfect Spanish: Multilingual and Racial Ideologies in Latin@ Graduate Students' Narratives
3:25 to 3:55pm
Using Sociolinguistics Pedagogy to Improve Youth Attitudes toward Marginalized Varieties of English
4:00 to 4:30pm
You’re Not Part of the Society If You Don’t Know English: A Hegemonic Discourse about English in Cambodia
8:00 to 8:30am
Brokering agency: What’s unique about you?
8:35 to 9:05am
Co-constructing Frames of Peer “Help” in a Second-Grade Bilingual Class
9:10 to 9:40am
Imagining Peer, Advocate or Expert? The Missing Link Between Multilingual Approaches to First-Year Composition and Practice
10:10 to 10:40am
Classroom Interactional Competence (CIC) and teacher expertise: evidence from EFL classrooms in China
10:45 to 11:15am
Constructing Collaboration in a Professional Development Initiative
11:20 to 11:50am
[Cancelled]: Precarious Employment in English Language Education in B.C.: A Preliminary Report on Three Case Studies
12:00 to 1:10pm
University Press Publishing
1:15 to 1:45pm
Working the boundaries of critical community pre-service teaching & learning: Defining communities and service for dialogic...
1:50 to 2:20pm
Pre-Service Teachers and Educational Linguists Exploring Language Together: Using Systemic Functional Linguistics to...
2:25 to 2:55pm
Being Connected, but Feeling Disconnected: Technology in Migration Discourse
3:25 to 3:55pm
Breaking the Ice: Using Linguistic Identities to Initiate Small Talk in Intercultural Service Encounters in Japan
4:00 to 4:30pm
Bilinguals’ language experience and recall of autobiographical memories
8:00 to 8:30am
Engaging Pre-service Teachers with Language Policy
8:35 to 9:05am
Teachers as Mediators: Enacting Language Policy for Latino EL students in Two Urban High Schools
9:10 to 9:40am
Vietnamese Primary English Teachers’ Agency in Response to Language Policy
10:10 to 10:40am
Australian Indigenous children acquiring English as their L2: Translanguaging and assessment
10:45 to 11:15am
The role of languages and languaging in the world language classroom: An intercultural approach
11:20 to 11:50am
Translanguaging Pedagogy to Disrupt English-Only Language Education Policies: Shifting Language Ideologies and Transgressing...
12:00 to 1:10pm
Newcomers’ Session: Navigating the AAAL Conference
1:15 to 4:15pm
Discourses of Place and Space at the Margins
8:00 to 8:30am
A Longitudinal Study of Language Ideologies Among Policy-Influential Arizonans: Implications for State-Level Language Policy...
8:35 to 11:35am
Transdisciplinarity in Applied Linguistics (AILA@AAAL)
11:55am to 1:10pm
The Resurgence of Exclusionary Discourses and Ideologies in the U.S. and U.K.: Implications for Professional Responsibility
1:15 to 4:15pm
Multilingualism and Indigenous-Language Education: Innovative Practices and Emerging Language Forms (LSA@AAAL)
4:35 to 4:40pm
Distinguished Scholarship and Service Award Presentation
4:35 to 5:40pm
Rethinking Language in Translanguaging: Implications for Learning, Use, and Policy
8:00 to 11:00am
Messy research in applied linguistics: methodological realities, problems and honest reporting when social research goes awry
11:20 to 11:50am
Looking Beyond the Advantage in Global Comprehension for Videos Viewed with Captions: How Captioning Affects Distinct Facets...
1:15 to 4:15pm
Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries: Challenges to Construct Definition in ESP/LSP Assessment (ILTA@AAAL) In memory of Alan...
8:00 to 9:40am
Intersections of Language and Christianity: Critical Explorations and New Directions
10:10 to 11:50am
Improving Instruction for English Learners in Secondary Schools: The Complexities of Implementation
12:00 to 1:10pm
How to maximise the impact of your research
1:15 to 2:55pm
(Re)stitching the Nation: Media Ideologies in Contexts of National Disruption
3:25 to 3:55pm
Language Typology Affects Priming of Path in Mandarin and English
4:00 to 4:30pm
Who sees the invisible agent? Cross-linguistic differences in the encoding of caused motion events
8:00 to 8:30am
Build it and they will come? Heritage language programs in senior high school – the view from Victoria, Australia
8:35 to 9:05am
Imagining the Possibility: Community-Based Korean Heritage Language Education
9:10 to 9:40am
The Heritage Languages Program in Ontario, 1977-1995: Origins, Conflicts, and Consequences for Language Education Today
10:10 to 10:40am
Comparing the efficacy of implicit and explicit instruction in classroom heritage language development
10:45 to 11:15am
Experience and Ethics in Heritage Language Education
11:20 to 11:50am
Spanish Heritage Language Learners and Second Language Learners in Tailored vs. Mixed Courses: Linguistic Outcomes and...
1:15 to 1:45pm
Evaluative Stances toward Heritage Language Production: The Untold Stories of Agentive Spanish Use among “Receptive”...
1:50 to 2:20pm
When the past is present: The role of intergenerational remembering in heritage language socialization
2:25 to 2:55pm
Heritage Language as a Bridge to Higher Education
3:25 to 3:55pm
(Re)Imagining a Developmental Immigrant Language Center as a Translingual Space
4:00 to 4:30pm
Effects of rule-based versus concept-based pragmatics instruction
8:00 to 11:00am
Corpora in Language Learning and Teaching
11:20 to 11:50am
Measuring study abroad: Combining quantitative and qualitative methods in order to understand the study abroad experience
11:50am to 1:10pm
Educational Linguistics Colloquium Reception
1:15 to 4:15pm
Educational Linguistics at 40: Past, Present and Future
8:00 to 9:05am
Shared Shorter Paper Session 1
9:10 to 9:40am
Visual Arguments and Discriminatory Discourse: Linguistic and Visual Representations of Mainland Chinese in Hong Kong
10:10 to 11:15am
Shared Shorter Paper Session 2
11:20 to 11:50am
Modeling Pragmatic Development in L2 Chinese Study Abroad
1:15 to 2:20pm
Shared Shorter Paper Session 3
2:25 to 2:55pm
Who am I writing to and How?: Exploring EFL Learners’ Writing across Communicative Contexts
3:25 to 4:30pm
Shared Shorter Paper Session 4
8:00 to 8:30am
Modality in writing in Spanish as a Heritage Language: Expressing Social Roles Across Genres
8:35 to 9:05am
The Genre-Based Approach informed by Systemic Functional Linguistics to Teaching Writing in Arabic
9:10 to 9:40am
Writing Teachers' Evolving Perceptions of Genre
10:10 to 10:40am
Cognitive Task Complexity and L2 Written Syntactic Complexity, Lexical Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency: A Research...
10:45 to 11:15am
Taiwan University Students’ Perceptions of Summative and Formative Classroom Assessment in English Classes
11:20 to 11:50am
An Exploration of EFL Teachers’ Diagnostic Decisions in L2 Pronunciation
1:15 to 1:45pm
Development of Word Meaning in SLA
1:50 to 2:20pm
REAL vs. RIGHT: ‘norms of authenticity’ in German Sign Language
2:25 to 2:55pm
Speech, signs, silence and the body: The analytic potential of symbolic competence in multimodal interactions
3:25 to 3:55pm
L2 and Deaf Learners’ Comparative Knowledge of English Transitive and Intransitive Verb Properties: Relative Linguistic...
4:00 to 4:30pm
Explanations and contextually embedded L2 knowledge in interactions around digital games
8:00 to 8:30am
An application of sociocultural theory to teaching aspect in Japanese: Developing learners conceptual understanding through...
8:35 to 9:05am
The role of task complexity in L2 writing performance
9:10 to 9:40am
Two Perspectives on L2 Writing: A Cross-context Case Study of L2 Writing
10:10 to 10:40am
Mainstream and ESL University Composition Courses: How Different Are They?
10:45 to 11:15am
Written Feedback on Doctoral Students' Theoretical Argumentation a
11:20 to 11:50am
Differential Effects of Written-Feedback and Directed-revision Focus on L2 Student Revision and Text Quality
1:15 to 1:45pm
“According to...”: An Analysis of L2 University Writers’ Citation Practices
1:50 to 2:20pm
Citation as a social practice in a TESOL graduate program: A language socialization approach
2:25 to 2:55pm
Just Google it: Investigating multilingual writers’ digital information literacy
3:25 to 3:55pm
Authorial Voice Construction Over a Four-year Period: A Dynamic Systems Theory Account of Development
4:00 to 4:30pm
Understanding ENGAGEMENT resources in constructing voice in research articles in the field of second language writing
8:00 to 8:30am
The Use of the Question Markers ‘-Nya’ and ‘-Ni’ in Korean Conversations
8:35 to 9:05am
The Expressions of the Dominant Epistemic Primacy in Korean Conversation
9:10 to 9:40am
Knowledge-Testing Question Design in Korean Political Campaign Debates
10:10 to 10:40am
A Tale of Two Teachers: Negotiating Interactional Tension in Co-teaching
10:45 to 11:15am
Conversation Analytic Look into an EFL class: Instruction Giving as a Collaborative Task Accomplished by the Teacher and the...
11:20 to 11:50am
Look at Me, Knowing Stuff: Epistemic Stances in the Immersion Classroom
1:15 to 1:45pm
Development of Multiple Competencies in Conversation-for-learning
1:50 to 2:20pm
Embodied Interactional Competences and their Development over Time: An Exploratory Conversation Analytic Study of Multimodal...
2:25 to 2:55pm
Humor, Affiliation, and Interactional Competence in University STEM Classroom Interaction
3:25 to 3:55pm
Deprofessionalizing a profession: The recontextualization of accountability discourses in educators’ talk
4:00 to 4:30pm
Teachers’ Accounts of Changing Evaluation Practices at Public School Board Meetings
8:00 to 8:30am
The Ubiquitous Practice of Praising One’s Own Child in Korean Conversation
8:35 to 9:05am
Cosmetic Multilingualism in ‘Flat-world’ Fiction: An Interdisciplinary Analysis
9:10 to 9:40am
“Relationship with English”: Language Use, Attitudes, and Investment in Learning Among Low-income Latino Immigrant...
10:10 to 10:40am
Before You Know It: Eye Movement Regressions During Reading Predict Explicit Knowledge of L2 Syntax
10:45 to 11:15am
Personality and the affective effect: How individual differences and emotions impact L2 acquisition under incidental learning...
11:20 to 11:50am
Relationships among L2 learning, memory, and awareness: Behavioral and neurophysiological evidence
1:15 to 1:45pm
Automatic Identification of Disciplinary Patterns in Scientific Writing
1:50 to 2:20pm
Using Multi-Feature Multi-Dimensional Analysis to Identify Features to Teach: Examples from internet genres
2:25 to 2:55pm
Linguistic Realizations that Prime Interactive Experiences in Scientific Writing
3:25 to 3:55pm
Exploring the Meta-Analysis Washback Effect in Instructed L2 Reading
4:00 to 4:30pm
The Statistical Literacy of Applied Linguistics Researchers