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This paper uses data from all 50 state standards, over 100 district standards, as well as survey results from teachers in 61 school districts to examine Opportunity to Learn (OTL) in elementary, middle and high school mathematics, identifying how variations in the organization of content coverage (length, sequence, topic) indicates substantial inequalities in learning opportunities across and among states, districts, schools and classrooms. The role of socioeconomic status (SES) and minority status are also examined.
William H. Schmidt, Michigan State University
Richard T. Houang, Michigan State University
Leland S. Cogan, Michigan State University