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Authors investigated long-term effects of higher-quality pre-Kindergarten - grade 3 education on children's cognitive, academic, and behavioral development using the longitudinal data collected in the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Multiple imputation was used to handle missing data, and propensity score matching implemented to minimize selection bias. There were three main conclusions. First, pre-Kindergarten - grade 3 education was effective in promoting child long-term development. Second, no convincing evidence was found that at-risk children harvested more benefits from higher-quality early education than their more advantaged peers. Third, while good pre-Kindergarten - grade 3 education was found to support healthy child development, its positive effects could not fully compensate for the negative influences of risk factors.
Yi Pan, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill
Qiu Wang, Syracuse University
Matthew McBee, East Tennessee State University