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As a traditionally stereotyped male domain, gender differences in mathematics learning have long been a source of concern for many educators. In China, the issue of gender equality in education is a particularly interesting topic to most families with the implementation of one-child policy since the late 1970s. This study aims to have a closer examination on the role of gender on Shanghai students’ mathematics attainment from a perspective of three social factors via a secondary analysis of PISA 2012 data. More specifically, the analysis looked into mutli-children families vs. one-child families, local students vs. migrant students, as well as students from various types of schools. Discussions and implications about the existence and non-existence of gender disparities will also be included.