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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between online synchronous math instruction and student outcomes. Online synchronous instruction occurs in real time mimicking the classroom experience with the use of phone, e-mail, chat, or other e-synchronous communication devices. For this study, student outcomes were defined by academic gains and retention of students participating in an online synchronous mathematics course. Students participated in daily mathematical instruction aligned to Common Core State Standards and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics strands and content standards. Students who participated in the synchronous mathematical lessons performed significantly better and had significantly higher retention rates than those who did not participate.