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We investigate how cultural and experiential factors influence differences in student outcomes on standardized assessments. American Indian and Alaska Native students score lower than their White peers on science and mathematics learning measures. Little is known about why this gap persists, why success occurs when it does, or how student outcomes are impacted by teacher-, student- and school-level factors amenable to change through the implementation of policies and practices within classrooms, schools, and districts. Phase I examined how interactions among these factors are associated with AI/AN student academic achievement as measured by the 2007 NAEP mathematics assessment. Phase II, discussed in this paper, examines why certain factors may have been associated with AI/AN student performance on the NAEP mathematics assessment.