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National discourse on education consistently addresses the need for highly effective teachers. Research shows teachers matter more to student achievement than any other schooling aspect. However, high teacher turnover and unequal distribution of teachers, particularly in urban and rural areas, results in high numbers of teachers teaching subjects that do no match their education or training. Alongside a review of policy and organizations that contribute to out-of-field teaching is statistical data showing the large percentages and variations of out-of-field teaching by subjects, states, and in high needs schools. A synthesis of research on teacher certification and student achievement is highlighted. Finally, recommendations for education stakeholders and implications of the research are provided for moving towards improving teacher preparation and recruitment.