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International migration has reached record levels, with significant implications for the role of schools in preparing immigrant youth for engaged democratic citizenship. Unequal access to civic learning opportunities among different ethnoracial groups suggests that schools are not achieving their democratic purpose. In order to better understand the effects these civic learning disparities have on immigrant youth, this literature review evaluates existing research in the field of citizenship education, and concludes that current conceptions of citizenship and research methodologies are not adequate to explain how immigrant youth with a transnational orientation construct a civic identity.