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Despite the fast growth of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) and its high expectations, previous studies have mainly discussed its potentials, while insufficiently addressing the challenges and solutions associated with MOOCs’ effectiveness. In this study, we examined the current use of MOOCs from the perspective of instructional design and developed the MOOC instructional design guidelines to help educators, course developers, and administrators make important decisions when designing and implementing MOOC courses. The MOOC instructional design guidelines were created based on participant observation method of major MOOCs, such as Coursera, Udacity, and edX. The MOOC instructional design guidelines will maintain our focus for best practices of teaching and learning in MOOC environments and ultimately support students’ lifelong learning.