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Hydraulic fracturing has changed the face of rural Pennsylvania over the past seven years. Rapid expansion of drilling has been accompanied by promises for economic growth and job opportunities, as well as social and environmental ramifications. Powerful state and industry officials have determined the rules and regulations that guide industry presence, resulting in political and economic winners and losers. Working from a social exclusion framework, this research investigates the challenges faced by rural schools and communities as a result of industry driven politics and subsequent policy; Act 13 (2012) in Pennsylvania which, amongst many things, imposes an impact fee on drilled unconventional natural gas wells in lieu of the more commonly used practice of a statewide severance tax.