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In this study, 156 students from five different high schools and colleges in the United States participated working as groups to learn about Ohm’s Law in a collaborative-inquiry learning environment. Using qualitative analysis, multilevel modelling, and data-mining techniques, we investigated the relationship between student engagement in transformative and non-transformative learning processes and learning outcomes. The results revealed that we could build accurate machine-learning models that automatically identify transformative and non-transformative discussions on a large scale. Additional quantitative analyses indicated that when groups engaged in additional interpretation and sustained mutual understanding, their members tended to have statistically better individual-learning outcomes. These analyses also indicated that when groups engaged in additional orientation and proposition generation, their members’ learning outcomes were statistically lower.