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Based on the L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS), this study evaluates the impacts of second-language (L2) learners’ performed and self-perceived proficiencies on their motivated learning behavior with respect to their ideal and ought-to L2 selves among Chinese language learners. A total of 121 sixth-grade students took Chinese proficiency tests, rated their own proficiency, and responded to an L2MSS questionnaire. The results show that (1) relationships between proficiency- and L2MSS-related constructs were significant, and (2) self-perceived proficiency mediated the impact of performed proficiency on ideal L2 self, which, in turn, mediated the impact of self-perceived proficiency on motivated behavior. The findings suggest that self-perceived proficiency, which correlates with actual performance, plays a role in the ideal self and, thereby, promotes motivation.