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This study investigated the impact of time constraints on flow experience and involved 90 students as they played a puzzle game called 2048 with four different levels of time constraint. Data was collected and analyzed using a mixed-methodology approach. Results showed that time constraint could obviously affect the challenge-skill balance, lower sense of control, and strengthen time transformation. An overall negative linear relation between time constraint and flow experience was found. Flow experience declined as the constraint level went higher. However, some positive effects of time constraint on flow experience as well as deep learning could be evidenced by some qualitative data. Some implications on flow theory and optimal learning performance were discussed.
Liru Hu, The University of Hong Kong
Michael J. Jacobson, The University of Sydney
Jingjing Ding, Shaanxi Normal University
Baohui Zhang, Nanjing University