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This paper evaluates the effect of a group pay-for-performance program by using a sharp regression discontinuity design. This is the first study that can disentangle the underlying mechanisms of a pay-for-performance program by separating the effect of the program operating through the incumbent and newly hired teachers. I evaluate the two potential mechanisms that generate the impact, teachers’ incentives and teachers’ sorting, and their relative importance. I find strong effects on the composition of the teaching staff: The winning schools attract more qualified teachers and aim for higher. I show that the effect of the program on school performance operates through both mechanisms, but it is stronger through teachers' sorting. This is an unintended outcome with important policy implications.