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A large proportion of English learners (ELs) become long-term English learners (LTELs), who are often both linguistically and academically at risk. However, it remains unclear how they are different from other students in their pre-LTEL period and what student characteristics are associated with their becoming LTEL. Using student-level longitudinal data from one large urban school district, I examine LTELs’ characteristics and their linguistic and academic performance and what factors are related to their becoming LTELs. I find LTELs often have disadvantaged characteristics and underperform non-LTELs across grades. ELs with disability are more likely to become LTELs than other ELs.