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This study explored the relationships between motivational regulation strategies and engagement moderated by academic level (undergraduate and graduate) and learning environment (classroom and online). A total of 252 undergraduate and graduate students participated. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the construct validity of the measurement and the measurement model validity. The two-step structural equation modeling showed the structural model validity and relationships between MRSs and engagement moderated by academic level and learning environment. The results indicated that (1) interest enhancement and environmental control are linked to behavioral engagement, and (2) interest enhancement, goal orientation, and behavioral reinforcement are associated with both emotional engagement and cognitive engagement. Academic level was a significant factor that moderates the relationship between MRSs and engagement.
Sanghoon Park, University of South Florida
Heoncheol Yun, Chonnam National University
Jung Lim, University of South Florida