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Knowledge about school effectiveness for citizenship education is limited, making it difficult to provide guidelines for schools for development. We aimed to address this issue by 1) by forming a framework based on recent school effectiveness models for citizenship education, and 2) by regarding schools that are currently developing their citizenship education, against the background of this framework. The school-portraits confirm the findings of the literature study: a formal curriculum, a pedagogical climate and informal learning play an important part in developing citizenship competences. Additionally the school portraits reveal that context factors and school organizational factors are crucial factors in establishing and carrying out citizenship education. Based on these findings we propose a new school effectiveness framework for citizenship education