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This paper constructs a cognitive model based on the framework of PISA 2012, analyses 24512 students item response which come from 10 countries. The liner logistic model (LLM) with better model fit was selected as the parameter evaluation model through model comparisons. The result showed that students from Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Russia shared similar main learning trajectories, while Finland and Japan were consistent with their main learning trajectories. The primary learning trajectories of the United States and China were the same. This study concluded the differences of the mastery of students of the 11 cognitive attributes from the three dimensions of content, process, and context across the 10 countries.