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This study used PISA2015 data to investigate the factors affecting adolescents’ science-related career expectations and how they might differ between the Asian and Western top-performing educational systems. Multilevel multinomial logistic models were utilized to answer the questions and found that (i) girls were less likely to pursue science careers in Asia; (ii) socioeconomic status posed greater impact on health-related career expectations in Western economies; (iii) science achievement was positively related to students’ science career expectations, especially for information and communications technology professions; (iv) utility value had stronger effects on their expectations for science and engineering and health-related careers over intrinsic value; (v) epistemic beliefs failed to predict students’ science career choices within each country after controlling for the other factors.