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A 3-year longitudinal study was conducted to examine young children’s mathematical abilities and whether they can predict the development of number sense at the 3rd grade. A total of 88 students were studied. The number line estimation ability and three mathematical abilities (number magnitude comparison, length estimation, and place value concept) were employed as possible predictors of number sense at grade 3. The regression results indicated that the number line estimation ability of first-grade students could effectively predict their number sense in the third grade; however, when they entered the second grade, the place value concept gradually replaced the number line estimation ability and became the primary predictor.