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El Sistema-inspired music education programs aim to positively alter the life trajectory of historically underserved youth, with hypothesized benefits in cognitive and social development. Using an RCT design, we examine the effects of El Sistema programming on youth executive function and social emotional learning among first-time participants (Kindergarten and 1st grade), including a large representation of non-white and low-SES participants. We do not observe main effects following one year of participation but do find positive effects across some demographic subgroups. This study contributes to ongoing research on the effects of music education for child development and executive function. Results can additionally inform similar initiatives aiming to foster youth development, including those with focus on historically underserved youth through music programming.