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College adaptation is important for student teachers’ professional development and future retention. This two-wave longitudinal study investigated the influences of self-esteem, family functioning, and their interaction on student teachers’ college adaptation process. Five hundred thirty-nine student teachers (89% females; Mage = 19.08, SDage = .78) were recruited from two preschool teacher training institutes in Shanghai, China, at the beginning of their second semester. Six months later, 504 participants reported their college adaptation again. Results showed that academic adaptation increased, whereas social adaptation remained stable across time. Self-esteem predicted the initial levels and change score of college adaptation. Family functioning predicted the initial levels of college adaptation. This study provided significant theoretical contributions and practical implications for preschool teacher education.