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Teachers’ innovative work behavior is one of the schools’ most critical innovative performances and plays a crucial role in school development. This study investigates how and under what conditions principals’ transformational leadership contributes to teachers’ creative work behavior. A cluster sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey on 893 elementary school teachers in 12 primary schools in mainland China. The results reveal: transformational leadership can not only positively predict teachers’ innovative work behavior, but also indirectly predict teachers’ innovative work behavior through the partial mediating effect of school climate; teacher social-emotional competence positively moderated the relationship between transformational leadership and teachers’ innovative work behavior, and also strengthened the whole mediating mechanism.