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Much of the professional work of teachers relies on the skilled perception and interpretation of visual information in the classroom. The objective of this paper is to present a novel conceptual framework, a cognitive theory of visual expertise, aimed at contributing to a better understanding of how expert teachers process domain-specific visual information in classrooms. In the paper, we first present three assumptions of the theory: the extended capacity, the knowledge-based processing, and the practice-based interaction assumption. We then outline two memory stores of the theory: the visual register and long-term working memory. Finally, we describe eight processes of the theory in a conceptual model. The paper closes with a discussion of the theory’s educational usability for teacher education.