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Existing research on the relationship between instructional leadership and student achievement mostly comes from the Anglophone world and it is unclear to what extent this relationship can be generalized across different contexts. We use data from more than 1,5 million students from three cycles of the PISA to examine this relationship in different countries across time. We firstly conduct country-specific multilevel analyses and secondly combine results in a three-level meta-analysis. We also evaluate the influence of contextual moderators on effect sizes and validate these results using a machine-learning approach. Results demonstrate that the examined relationship significantly varies across contexts and measurement occasions. This is mainly due to the level of human development in a country and cultural factors.