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This meta-analysis with a random-effects model investigated the effect of the use of social media on college students’ second or foreign language learning outcomes and identified the conditions that moderate the effects. The analysis included 41 independent effect sizes from 41 primary studies in which the effect of various social media on language learning was examined. Our analysis yielded a weighted average effect size g = 1.66 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) from 0.86 to 2.45, meaning that the use of social media has a strong positive impact on language acquisition regardless of the type of social media platform. Interestingly, learning objectives were not found to be a significant moderator.