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Students’ computer and information literacy (CIL) has been one of the core components in secondary education. Current studies on CIL primarily focus on identifying its determinants and how CIL affects academic performances. But studies examining how CIL can be affected by other subjects are scarce. Guided by social cognitive theory, this research investigates how environmental processes (i.e., socioeconomic conditions) operate through cognitive processes (i.e., self-efficacy, reading and mathematics literacies) to produce behavioral outcomes (i.e., CIL) among China’s rural students (N = 2,483). It confirms the CIL reciprocal interactions with self-efficacy, reading and mathematics literacies. Digital divide was also identified between students with computer access and those without. The findings provide useful insights to mitigate educational disparities among rural children.