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Achievement goals are important for understanding students’ motivation and academic performance. However, it remains unclear how achievement goals interact with self-regulatory practices in terms of academic outcomes. Therefore, the present study explored the direct and indirect relationships among achievement goals, goal management practices, and academic challenges. Participants were 193 university students enrolled in a learning-to-learn course from a Canadian university. Results showed that mastery-approach goals negatively predict all types of academic challenges and positively predicted goal management practices, whereas mastery-avoidance goals positively predicted challenges of goal and time management, initiating-sustaining engagement, and metacognition and negatively predicted goal management practices. Furthermore, goal management practices mediated the relationship between mastery-approach orientations and motivational, goal and time management-related, and metacognitive challenges.