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This research examined the trajectories of Korean students’ (N = 7,324) achievement goals during middle-school and high-school transition periods and how these trajectories related to mindsets as predictors and academic achievement as an outcome. Second-order latent growth curve analyses were conducted with four time points (grade 6, 7, 9 and 11). All types of achievement goals showed non-linear decreases over time. Students’ fixed mindset in grade 6 negatively predicted the intercepts of mastery goals but positively predicted the intercepts of performance goals. Students’ growth mindset positively predicted the intercepts of all types of achievement goals. All achievement goals positively predicted academic achievement in grade 11, with mastery-approach goals explaining the most variance in the outcome, supporting the mastery goal perspective.