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In current empirical educational research, one important question is how the societal measures taken to contain the COVID-19 pandemic affected students’ cognitive development and whether disadvantaged students suffered particular disadvantages in their cognitive development depending on their individual characteristics or family background. Based on an Austrian sample elementary school students (n=104), we assessed students’ basic cognitive abilities in the 2020/21 school year before and after measures to contain the second and third pandemic waves in Austria (e.g., contact restrictions, school closures, distance learning). The findings indicate that, on average, children did not develop as positively over the nine-months study period characterized by pandemic containment measures as would have been expected. Beyond this, our results indicate cognitive losses among disadvantaged groups.