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In this study, we examined the current research surrounding the observational systems commonly used across United States (U.S.)-based teacher evaluation systems. While much research exists about the other commonly used measures – teachers’ value-added or growth data and student or parent surveys, each of which are also meant to capture teacher effectiveness-relatively little research exists in support of using observational output, especially when high-stakes consequences (e.g., teacher merit pay) are to be attached to output. Conducting a systematic review and analysis of these literatures, we found that the three most popular models in use do not have nearly the research evidence needed, especially in terms of adequate reliability and validity, to support such summative, but also formative uses.