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We examined whether growth mindset and fixed mindset could be empirically distinguished and had different predictive relationships with high school students’ academic motivation and achievement. Results based on a group of 878 Chinese students revealed that: (1) Growth mindset and fixed mindset are two independent dimensions; (2) They have different predictive patterns. Growth mindset positively predicted self-efficacy, interest value, and effort cost. In contrast, fixed mindset negatively predicted self-efficacy and interest value, while positively predicted effort cost; (3) Mindset indirectly influenced academic achievement through some motivational beliefs. Specifically, effort cost served as a negative mediator between growth mindset and achievement. Fixed mindset negatively influenced achievement by reducing self-efficacy and increasing effort cost.