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This study examined the effect of an AI-based conversational agent in mathematics education on the responsive teaching skills of preservice teachers (PSTs). We had PSTs interact with a chatbot that simulated a virtual student with a partial understanding of fractions. The effectiveness of the interaction was evaluated by employing a randomized controlled design with pre- and post-tests. In the experimental condition, participants posed questions to the virtual student who responded to the questions. In the control condition, participants also used a chatbot, which elicited participants’ questions but did not respond to the questions. The t-test results indicate that the experimental group outperformed the control group, and the experimental group showed a significant improvement in the post-test results.