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This study conducted a latent profile analysis (LPA) of Chinese adolescents to confirm diverse social achievement attribution patterns in China. We also analyzed the trends in adolescents’ social achievement attribution patterns based on the 2012, 2014, and 2018 CFPS data. The results demonstrated that Chinese adolescents strongly believe in effort across different social achievement attribution patterns. Over time, the importance of effort decreased and the importance of talent and family guanxi increased in social achievement attribution. This study also explored a key policy factor that may influence this trend from a social stratification perspective. After educational streaming, students in vocational high schools were more likely to recognize talent and neglect the importance of effort.