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This study examined such questions empirically that what kind of school climate can truly promote students' mathematical achievement. Based on a sample of mainland Chinese students (N = 11,743) who participated in PISA 2018, this study examined school climate of competition and cooperation generally contributes positively to students' academic performance in mathematics. Specifically, students perceived competition with low level of teacher support will promote their mathematics performance more; those with a high level of teacher support felt that a cooperative school climate would improve their mathematics attainment.