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This study presents the findings on teaching and learning challenges school leaders were confronted with during COVID-19 from a systematic review of 226 studies. The analysis identified four themes, namely schools’ urgent need to respond to the challenging external environment, implementation and consequences of home-based, online teaching and learning during the pandemic, need to do more with less, and deteriorating socioemotional well-being of the school community during the pandemic. This study contributes to the development of the contingency opportunities theory in the context of teaching and learning challenges confronting schools during COVID-19. Implications for policy and schools to enhance schools’ capacity to address future school disruptions are discussed. Challenges, school leadership, COVID-19