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This conceptual paper introduces complex conceptual systems theory, integrating complex systems and critical theory to examine conceptualizations as socially-situated and distributed complex systems. The theory proposes seven core principles, including conceptualizations as complex systems, community-level phenomena, interdependent subsystems, emergent properties and phenomena, equilibrium tendencies, and leverage points. Using methods such as network analysis and critical discourse analysis, the theory explains the persistence of educational practices and the challenges of implementing change. Two main conceptualizations of learning are identified: Transfer-Acquisition and Construction-Becoming, with distinct implications for educational equity. The theory offers a novel framework for understanding how conceptualizations function and influence educational practices, potentially informing more effective approaches to educational transformation, particularly in promoting equity and justice in learning environments.