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This study explores the impact of AI chatbots based on large language models (LLMs) on second language (L2) vocabulary acquisition. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative observations with quantitative testing, to assess the effectiveness of these chatbots in an eight-week learning intervention. Fifty-two EFL students divided randomly into experimental (using LLM chatbots) and control groups (without chatbot aid), studied identical vocabulary sets. Results indicate that LLM chatbots significantly improve learners' vocabulary, fostering long-term retention of productive vocabulary and facilitating incidental learning. The study highlights the chatbot's role in long-term retention and incidental learning, emphasizing the importance of integrating such technologies in L2 education to enhance vocabulary learning and self-regulated learning.