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Science capital, a concept encompassing science-related experiences and resources, is crucial for understanding and addressing disparities in science education. This study conducts a systematic literature review using the PRISMA methodology to synthesize research on science capital across K-12 and higher education. The review explores how science capital has been operationalized and understood in the literature. Findings reveal that science capital has taken off in the literature and has been studied extensively using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, though definitions differ across studies. This synthesis highlights the need for targeted interventions to enhance equity and inclusion in science fields, providing valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and parents to support diverse student populations and foster a more inclusive science workforce.