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In the increasingly globalized world, students' global competence has become a crucial skill. While socioeconomic status (SES) is recognized as a vital factor in students' global competence, the underlying mechanisms of this relationship remain underexplored. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the mediating role of self-efficacy and the moderating influence of school learning activities on the link between SES and global competence. Drawing upon the PISA 2018 database, the study finds that self-efficacy significantly mediates the relationship between SES and students' global competence. Furthermore, the results indicate that learning activities play a moderating role in the relationship between SES and global competence, influencing both the direct and indirect pathways at both student and school levels.