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The aim of this paper is to explore how contextual, structural, and policy factors influence educational performance, thereby contributing to the disparities observed between rural and urban educational outcomes. The analytical framework employed draws on principles from critical realism, with an emphasis on multiple analytical levels. Data consists of register data from a national data base on education data in Norway. Linear regression analysis is used to analyse the relationships between individual level variables of gender and parents’ educational level, and a range of contextual variables related to characteristics of place of residence, and academic success. The results show that in addition to gender and parents’ educational level, contextual factors also play a significant role in influencing academic success.