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This study investigates the influence of student- and school-level factors on science achievement using TIMSS 2019 Singapore data. The results indicate that school-level parental involvement and social economic status (SES) have significant positive effects on science achievement. At the personal level, confidence and home educational resources are positively related to science performance, while extra science lessons negatively impact science achievement. Furthermore, two cross-level interactions were identified: increased parental involvement diminishes the positive effect of students’ confidence on achievement, while heightened teacher commitment reduces the negative impact of extra lessons. These findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions for enhancing science education outcomes.