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This study examines how school leaders in Panama use data to enhance school performance and student achievement. Principals are crucial in guiding teachers to use data for daily instructional decisions and addressing school-wide issues. However, data use sometimes perpetuates racial hierarchies rather than advancing equity. Our research explores how principals in urban, rural, and indigenous areas of Panama utilize data through in-depth interviews with 44 school principals. By understanding these contextual differences, this study aims to improve data leadership practices and promote educational equity in Panama’s centralized education system.