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Competition and cooperation are pivotal elements in collaborative learning environments, yet their impact on students' behaviors of socially shared regulation of learning (SSRL) remains underexplored. This study investigates the effects of competition and cooperation on SSRL behaviors within a scientific inquiry framework among 208 fifth-grade students. Utilizing self-reported measures and structural equation modeling, our findings indicate that competition and cooperation both positively influence SSRL behaviors. Additionally, collective efficacy mediates the impact of cooperation, and along with collaborative attitude, serves as a chain mediator in this relationship. However, collaborative attitude alone does not significantly affect SSRL behaviors. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing effective strategies to foster students' SSRL capabilities.