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This paper examines the varied conceptualizations of school effectiveness and improvement and the leadership of it in times of crisis and change. Drawing upon studies at the nexus of leadership, school effectiveness, and improvement since 2020, this narrative review critically examines the characteristics at the individual, school, community, and system levels that enable or hinder leaders in the pursuit of effectiveness and improvement during times of disruption and change. A novel conceptual framework outlining systemic considerations for leading schools and systems in turbulent times is proposed.