The Hidden Variable: Socioeconomic Status as a Predictor of Standardized Admissions Assessment Performance - A Meta-Analysis

• In Event: AERA Poster Session Wednesday 3:45pm
  In Poster Session: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Methods, Contexts, and Impacts

Abstract

This meta-analysis examines the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and performance on standardized testing, specifically the SAT and ACT, synthesizing 21 U.S. based studies published from 2000 to 2025. Using a random-effects model and Fisher’s Z-transformed correlations, results show a moderate, significant positive association (effect size = .36). Composite SES measures and parental education were stronger predictors than income alone. The SAT, particularly the Reading section, showed a stronger relationship with SES than the ACT. Findings suggest SES reflects contextual advantages rather than direct causality. Limitations include inconsistent SES measures, lack of confounder-adjusted results, and potential publication bias. The study supports holistic admissions to address SES-related disparities and calls for further research into equity-focused policies.

Author

• Kiya Ma, University of Kansas