Exploring Implementation Deviations in China’s Out-of-School Time (OST) Reform: A Smith Model Perspective

• In Event: AERA Roundtable Session Wednesday 7:45 am
  In Roundtable Session: Imagining and Planning for Innovation: System Change in Out-of-School Time

Abstract

This mixed-method study examines implementation deviations in China’s Out-of-School Time (OST) services under the “Double Reduction” policy using the Smith Policy Implementation Model. Based on analysis of policy documents, surveys of 305 students, and interviews with 13 teachers, 2 principals, 14 students, and 11 parents, the study identifies both positive outcomes—such as improved learning efficiency and reduced family burdens—and negative consequences including longer school hours, academic overload, and teacher burnout. Key deviations include perfunctory evening study, symbolic compliance, and substitution of tutoring for care. Root causes are traced to policy design flaws, institutional fatigue, stakeholder misalignment, and insufficient support systems, revealing critical gaps between policy intentions and ground-level practices.

Authors

• Yan Chunshun, East China Normal University

• Shiqi Teng, Jishou University

• Mengting Qian, East China Normal University

• Tianyi Sun, East China Normal University