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This study aimed to investigate the interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation in teachers' work, from a theoretical perspective of social exchange, and to examine teacher engagement as an outcome of this exchange process. A sample of 987 schoolteachers in China participated in an online questionnaire survey. The results showed that, except for work engagement, teachers' intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation is directly related to their extrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation and faculty trust. The mediation analysis indicated that teachers’ intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation might indirectly influence work engagement through trust, extrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation, and both. This study provides a new perspective on understanding interpersonal emotion regulation as a social exchange mechanism in teachers’ work.