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This conceptual paper presents a mixed-methods research design exploring how in-service secondary teachers in Taiwan develop Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) amid nationwide digital transformation. Grounded in the TPACK framework and first- and second-order barrier theory, the study employs an explanatory-sequential approach: a validated Mandarin-language TPACK survey is followed by interviews with teachers across diverse school contexts. While data collection is planned for 2025–2026, the paper outlines a completed conceptual and methodological framework. Anticipated contributions include theoretical insights into teacher knowledge development, recommendations for professional development, and implications for equitable digital integration in secondary education.